Social Workers in Mental Health Facilities and Outpatient...

When thinking about social work, there are different avenues that a worker can explore in this vast field. Because a social workers job is multifaceted, workers can not only integrate themselves in an already created avenue, but can also tailor a field, specifically for a need in the community. Looking at the many different fields in the area of social work, the area of Social Workers in Mental Health facilities and outpatient clinics stands out as an area of depth and interest. This field is important because it allows social workers to play an integral part in assisting patients, some of who have been kept in large inpatient facilities for vast periods of time, to become functioning and active members of society, as they deal with†¦show more content†¦Outpatient Mental Health Clinic offers a wide range of programs including, Individual Psychotherapy, which is treatment between a trained professional and a client. Family and couples therapy is another service offered in th e outpatient clinics. Family and couples therapy, works with couples and families to nurture change and development in those particular situations. It tends to view change in terms interaction between members of the intimate relationship. Group therapy, another option in outpatient services, is when one or more therapists treat a small group of clients as a group. The term can refer to any form of psychotherapy when delivered in a group format, including Cognitive behavioral therapy and Interpersonal therapy, but it is usually applied to psychodynamic group therapy where the group context and group process is explicitly utilized as a mechanism of change by developing, exploring and examining interpersonal relationships within the group. For those who suffer from substance abuse, there are often groups and programs created to help maintain sobriety, learn life lessons, relapse avoidance, and NA/AA groups, geared to work with both the mental illness as well as the addiction. In these clinics and facilities, there are often medication evaluations and consultations available, to monitor and help maintain medication adherence, and broaden understanding of the particular medications taken by patients. ThisShow MoreRelatedHospitals And Mental Health Facilities809 Words   |  4 PagesEvery facility has similarities and differences among facilities whether hospitals or mental health facilities. The amount of patients, employees, doctors, treatment, and services are makes the mental health services important in every way. The goals for both of these facilities are to provide outstanding services and patient care to people of mental and behavioral issues. The private mental health service facility from Montgomery County, PA is Central Montgomery Mental Health Mental RetardationRead MoreThe Mental Health Of The Woodstock General Hospital1710 Words   |  7 Pages Social workers in the mental health wing of the Woodstock General Hospital (WGH) are an integral part of an interdisciplinary mental health team that provide patient-centered care through both inpatient and outpatient services. They offer capacity-building program interventions to individuals, couples and families by providing single session walk-in counselling, groupwork, psychiatric evaluation, crisis intervention and inpatient support as well as long term counselling. There are specialized outpatientRead MoreThe Substance Abuse Social Worker1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Substance Abuse Social Worker Social workers have long worked with people who abuse substances, beginning in the 1800’s with sobriety houses and inebriate asylums, to settlement houses in the profession’s beginnings to developing self-help, consumer-driven programs, designing inpatient detoxification programs, and to applying youth-oriented prevention and education programs. As an addictions counselor, the social worker is a part of a specialized profession that began with the wounded healerRead MoreProviding Mental Health Care Within A Non Medical Institution1022 Words   |  5 PagesA variety of providers provide mental health care in a range of settings with varying levels of expertise. Providers can be roughly categorized into four sections depending on the care they provide. - Providers who are highly trained, they are the specialists such as psychiatrist, psychologist, and psychiatric nurses. They have specialized training in mental health and are licensed by the state to provide the care. - Providers with training in general health care, such as, family practioners, pediatriciansRead MoreHealth Care At Tri County Regional Hospital752 Words   |  4 Pagescornerstone of the community as the hospital has shown growth and opportunity specifically as it relates to Behavioral Health. Pat has demonstrated great management skills and success by being promoted from manager of Tri-County Regional inpatient behavioral health unit to fill the role of Director of Behavioral Health Services as well as becoming the new Director in the Allied Health Services Division of the hospital within a year timeframe. More importantly, while Pat served as manager, he made severalRead More Alcohol and Drinking - Treatments for Alcoholism Essay examples1903 Words   |  8 PagesTreatments for Alcoholism      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where can alcoholics receive help? â€Å"Hospitals, psychiatric agencies, public-welfare departments, and social agencies, among others are often reluctant to provide care and treatment for problem drinkers† (Plaut, 53). Although it is difficult to help these problems drinkers, many people will give all they can to help these problem drinkers. â€Å"The provision of treatment to problem drinkers is complicated because they differ from one to another in so many ways†Read MoreGoing from a Healthcare Center to a County Public Hospital Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesHealthcare facility will provide healthcare or the residents of Eastern Jefferson County. It will provide inpatient care and an all-inclusive range of outpatient amenities including emergency care, diagnostic imaging, Laboratory, physical therapy and rehabilitation, surgical services and sleep medicine. In addition, Burrows healthcare will be initiating five primary clinics and home health hospice agency. The Burrows Healthcare will hire workers at the onset of operations of around 500 workers whichRead MoreA Brief Note On Preventative Medicine And Education1130 Words   |  5 PagesEducation Poor health and homelessness has been connected through multiple studies. Having poor health can cause homelessness. On the flip side, being homeless can also cause poor health. Being homeless brings a list of complications including limited access to getting proper health care. This causes the health of the homeless population in the United States to be worse than that of the general population. Common health problems in the homeless population include: mental health problems, substanceRead MoreArea in Social Care Im Interested in1471 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Social Care is a profession committed to the planning and delivery of quality care and other support services for individuals and groups with identified needs. Social Care Worker plans and provides professional individual or group care to clients with personal and social needs†. (Share, 2009). In this essay I have been asked to research an area in social care that I am interested in. I am also asked to explore the role of a social care worker in my chosen area. I have defined social care and aRead MoreI Visited Wilmington Health Access For Teens For A Field Experience Observation1211 Words   |  5 Pagesvisited Wilmington Health Access for Teens for a field experience observation. Through this experience I observed different types of people seeking care in the clinic. Some people I saw in the clinic were African American females with children and Caucasian females. People who come into the clinic are seeking medical assistance and following up on routine examination appointments. I learned of different barriers when accessing care at the clinic and types of presenting health problems among adolescents

This project examines the construction of subjectivity in...

This project examines the construction of subjectivity in Eleanor Antin’s Carving: A Traditional Sculpture (fig. 1) and Chris Kraus’ Aliens and Anorexia (fig. 2) . These works inscribe notions of the self, the social, and the subject through and upon the body, addressing the interpolating poles of nutritive consumption and â€Å"willing the body away† through self-starvation. Throughout this essay, I will demonstrate how these artists engage with the spaces and discourses created around food and disordered eating to produce a counter dominant take on subjectivity, a thematic both artists attend to regularly throughout their careers. My reading prioritizes theories of the body, subjectivity, consumption, gender and difference, refusing to see†¦show more content†¦Before attending to theoretical concerns I will first ground my reading in art-historical methods, explicating the position of these works within Antin and Kraus’ larger oeuvres and within the historical contexts of their production. An analysis of form and medium also underlines a reading of these works that privileges self and subjectivity. In Carving, A Traditional Sculpture and Aliens and Anorexia, the live or temporal practices common throughout Antin and Kraus’ careers are respectively mediated through photography and texts. By removing the material body from works that are essentially performative, the artist looks back over herself, commenting on, while creating her own lived subjectivity. I chose to position these two works together because, as Clare Johnson states in her study of Antin, Vanessa Beecroft, and Elizabeth Manchester, â€Å"I want to discuss the artworks in terms that do not presuppose a ‘proper’ form of feminist art practice, or suggest that the contemporary work supersedes the ‘critical’ strategies of the earlier piece.† Johnson’s articulated aims are not to claim any single artist or artwork as â€Å"feminist,† per se, but to create rich and complex readings that â€Å"articulate the inscriptions of feminist practice† and â€Å"reï ¬â€šect the relational web of mutually constitutive meanings.† This web frames a discussion of Kraus and Antin’s work, allowing for a critical co-reading of works produced at different

Attitudes toward Inclusion, Instructional Accommodations and Fairness Free Essays

How of import is it to include pupils with disablements in general instruction schoolrooms? Is inclusion a legal right to be used to learn disable and non-disable pupils in the same schoolroom? Is it a moral and an ethical right to include inclusion if the parents oppose it? What are some of the patterns that promote inclusion? How can school territories omit negative barriers that affect inclusion patterns? How can school territory reference these barriers? Do we as pedagogues value all the pupils every bit? What do we intend by â€Å" inclusion † ? Are at that place some kids for whom â€Å" inclusion † is inappropriate? Is it in good religion that beginner teacher demand to be trained to serve particular instruction pupils. Is engineering a helpful tool for inclusion pupils? These are some of the issues that will be research to happen the best solutions for all of the pupils to have a free and appropriate instruction. â€Å" Education, so, beyond all other devices of human beginning, is the great equaliser of the conditions of work forces – the balance-wheel of the societal machinery. We will write a custom essay sample on Attitudes toward Inclusion, Instructional Accommodations and Fairness or any similar topic only for you Order Now † – Horace Mann Introduction In 1975, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was enacted to give kids with disablements are the same benefits as non-disable equals to have a free and appropriate instruction. In 1990, 1997, and 2004, â€Å" reauthorizations of this Act took topographic point, and the jurisprudence came to be known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) . † IDEA mandates that all persons with disablements be provided a free and public instruction ; they have the right to be taught in the least restrictive environment. Dr. Randal Brown has said that pupils with disablements, whether in public, private and in charter schools, are, to the maximal extent of the jurisprudence, be educated in the least restrictive environment. All kids irrespective of their disablements are kids. All kids irrespective of their disablement will profit from the same experiences that are desirable for all kids, which is to be included and loved/wanted for their singularity. Students who are educated to esteem diverse persons will profit from avoiding pigeonholing and negative issues. What is inclusion? Inclusion is a method used in public, private and in charter school territory. It stipulates that all pupils irrespective of their differences need to be educated in the same environment as their non-disable equals. It besides stipulates that all persons with disablement be educated in a least restrictive environments and be given the chance to be involved with their non-disable equals. Inclusion pertains that all particular instruction pupils be served in a regular instruction schoolrooms. The plan is used by holding the support services brought to the kid, alternatively of holding the kid brought to the support services. Consequently, the term inclusion is non reference in the federal jurisprudence and or ordinances, but it is use with the thought of incorporating pupils with disablements in the regular schoolroom scene. The doctrine or constructs of inclusion has been received with many controversial issues. There are two signifiers of inclusion: inclusion and full inclusion. Inclusion is a belief that pupils with disablements belong in the regular schoolroom. Full inclusion is the belief that particular instruction segregation is done off with and those particular instructions pupils be to the full immerse with the general populations at all times. Advocates of full inclusion are people who to the full support the plan. They believe that pupils should be educated in the general population regardless of their disablement. The end of inclusion is to guarantee that all kids are educated in the same schoolrooms as non-disable equals. Unfortunately, most of the clip, if the pupils are badly handicapped ; there might non be adequate support services available to help the kid with acquisition, and or other issues. To me it is non about the impact it might hold on the regular instruction kid, but instead o n the particular instruction demands of the kid. Sometimes it seems the disable pupils are non acquiring the sort of direction, or assist the single demands so that in itself can go a job. Young kids, unlike grownups, are free of biass. The immature kid is non judgmental ; if the grownup does non show hatred or prejudice the immature kid is really accepting of particular demands kids. I believe that immature kids who are taught in a diverse scene learn early on in life that they are many persons that are different than them and it is a really good experience for them to be familiar with because they might non see it once more. I strongly believe that by holding the pupils learn about diverseness, the pupils learn about kindness, empathy and regard for all pupils who are different ; and as a consequence the pupils, in my sentiment, good be understanding to the particular instruction kid. For illustration when I was working in the simple scene I was in charge of a intellectual paralys is male child at our simple school. The kid was in the category 100 % of the clip because the territory did non hold a particular instruction category instructor or instead the territory felt that the two kids we had in Encinal did non deserve a full clip Particular Education instructor so they had the PT and OT come in from the particular Co-Op and trained me and the regular instruction instructor on the basic indispensable to give the pupils the best aid available. Both of the persons parents refused to hold their kid bussed to Cotulla and they argued their position point that the territory should supply the services non for the household to suit the territories â€Å" a manner of salvaging money † . By holding the parents adamant on their wants, the parents in a traffic circle manner provided the general pupils to see a diverse manner of larning more about life and credence than he/or she learned about reading, scientific discipline and math. I do non believe that there is any grade of disablement that would forestall a kid from take parting in the general population schoolroom. It is my apprehension that it is all about support. How is inclusion being used in schools? It has been my observation, that inclusion in school provides all pupils, irrespective if their disable or non, the chance to larn, socialise and develop friends for life. It besides provides a sense of belonging and appropriate behaviour of societal, behavioural, and academic accomplishments. Having kids experience diverseness will advance credence of diverseness. It besides teaches kids how to associate with others that are different from them. Keeping pupils that are different from each other is non merely incorrect, it is morally being violative on the person ; it creates isolation, biass, unhappiness and feeling of hopelessness. For illustration if a non-disable kid is given the chance to take part in a school played, it excessively should be offered to a disable kid, it should be accessible to all children-disable and non-disabled. Engagement should non be denied based on disablement or any one feature. Children with disablements have a r ight to travel to the same schools and categories as their friends, neighbours, brothers and sisters. They have a right to be given equal chances. What are some of the techniques school territories used to assist the particular instruction pupils in being immerse in the regular instruction schoolrooms? School territories are utilizing co-teaching, alternate instruction, peer groupings and engineering support plans to assist supply the particular instruction pupils with the same benefits of larning. Currently, inclusion is a subject that many instructors feel that holding a particular instruction co-teacher is occupying their infinite or taking over the category, when in fact that is non the intent of inclusion. Co-teachers are in topographic point to assist the regular instruction teacher learn the category when half of the category is holding problem with the course of study. The particular instruction instructors works with the fighting group to assist ease consensus. Alternate instruction is the procedure used when instruction is done through distance acquisition and communicating via electronic mails, chalkboard, and equals interaction among electronic mails. Peer groupings are besides a method of equal to peer instruction, in other words it is the methodological analysis of pupils larning from each other. Technology support plans are plans that are available to assist the single acquisition learn the stuff through interaction with an educational plan that supports the stuff being taught by the instructor. In the advancement of educating the pupils all pupils are encouraged to ignore differences among the pupils and handle all of their schoolmates the same. Inclusion has been in consequence since school territories are incorporating particular instruction pupils with the regular pupils in a regular schoolroom puting. Many experts believe that inclusion will increase the person ‘s self-esteem and may increase their ability to interact with others including their equals. Is it a moral and an ethical right to include inclusion if the parents oppose it? Since the NCLB became effectual school territory are required to hold all of the pupils at class degree even the particular instruction population. Students are being placed in the least restrictive environment as possible. Some school territories even have done away with content command categories and resource segregation. I have personally seen high school parents get upset when the school territory no longer offer content command and their kids would instead been in a â€Å" ego contain schoolroom † by themselves ; but territory are required to put pupils in the least restrictive environment and it seems that â€Å" school territories † are making off with self-contain units that are non for Life skills scholars. So hence I ask, what is the intent of holding inclusion in topographic point? The intent of an inclusion category is to supply instruction for pupils with disablements in a â⠂¬Å" least restrictive environment, † as required by the Persons with Disabilities Act ( IDEA ) . Any pupil who has an Individualized Education Plan ( IEP ) is automatically placed in the particular instruction category. Is traditional method of learning a positive attack in educating all of the pupils? This traditional attack restricts pupils with disablements from going independent scholars as they frequently depend upon their instructor for one to one instruction. In order for this method to hold a positive impact on pupils it should be implemented along with other learning techniques, therefore giving the instructors and pupils chances for a successful acquisition environment. Students with particular demands have an advantage in from this attack as they integrate in regular schoolroom scene. This is for all sorts of schools that work to incorporate regular and particular demands pupils ( private or public, charter or non-charter ) . Many parents believe that inclusion is a great thought for everyone involved, as pupils who have disablements learn new and multiple ways of pass oning. However, there are many that object to this pattern because of their frights that particular demands kids in a â⠂¬Å" regular-education † schoolroom will be excessively deflecting. The issue of inclusion and inclusive patterns in instruction with regard to scholars with disablements is one of the most ill-famed statements in the field of instruction. While there has been a general consensus towards full inclusion of all pupils with disablements in Western states such as Canada, research workers have found that inclusion and inclusive patterns does non run into the ideal standards. Furthermore, there is an on-going argument whether inclusion best serves the involvements of all pupils with emotional and behavior upsets. Some experts believe that inclusion may better acquisition and academic public presentation for all pupils, whether disable or non-disable. It is with great involvement that all persons, irrespective of their â€Å" disability † acquire an chance to larn to accept single differences and to get the better of misinformation about people with disablements. Suitable supp ort services are available for pupils who are placed in general instruction categories, with teacher Plutos, equals to equals, high to low degrees groupings and tutorials. Consequently, pupils with disablements must hold an Individualized instruction plans given to instructors that will be interacting with the pupils. All instructors need to be good prepared to turn to all pupils with disablements in conformity with their IEP ‘s. The federal authorities provides support to all school territories that educate pupils with disablement. Are there some kids for whom â€Å" inclusion † is inappropriate? Some instructors do non O.K. of pupils who are excessively loud, riotous or non able to remain sitting and listen softly. Teachers fear that general instruction pupils will non be able to concentrate when the pupils with disablements are included in the regular instruction schoolroom. There is a thin line between general and particular instruction pupils. For case some instructors are unable to properly command the schoolroom when they have a pupil that is a pupil and he/she invariably hit others ; bites or merely kick disrupts the schoolroom. Many instructors feel that they do non hold the proper preparation of covering with pupils that are exceeding. Some instructors have low or no outlooks for pupils with disablements. Some of the major expostulations of inclusion are: will the pupils benefit from being placed in the regular schoolroom? Inclusion is an attack that the tribunals and parents term because they w ant the best instruction patterns to be given to kids with disablements. What is the significance for inclusion? Inclusion is another term for â€Å" mainstreaming, † or incorporating particular instruction pupils with regular instruction categories. The chief intent of inclusion is for all kids with disablements attend a â€Å" normal † school and schoolroom, to be included to be treated every bit normal as possible. Give the pupils with disablement the chance to populate a normal life as possible or allowed. Parents find it a honoring experience when their kid with disablement is treated the same as the regular pupils. I strongly believe that it gives kids with particular needs the opportunity to larn in a natural, exciting environment. Inclusion Teachs persons the ability to make friendly relationships with non-handicapped equals, provides positive function theoretical accounts, and lead to acceptance in the community. In add-on, kids without disablements may profit by larning about differences between people and holding the juncture of h elping others. Teachers appreciates the differences and by larning new methods for learning and or direction. Furthermore, inclusion has a long history of segregation in the field of particular instruction and disablements. For many old ages, persons with disablements did non hold entree to public schools, installations, and independent lodging. Particular instruction persons have benefited from being included in public schools and independent life. However, after 10 old ages of execution, inclusion has non yet been to the full accepted. Because inclusion is a doctrine about how kids should be educated, it is sometimes non good planned with the demands of the disable kid or the penchants of what the parents want for their kid. Sometimes the scene where the kid is educated does non do direction effectual. Rather, it is the content and method of direction that the instructor uses that makes or interrupt the betterment in the kid ‘s linguistic communication, societal accomplishme nts, and other behaviours. In some cases public schools are unable to supply the specialised instruction required for kids with autism, particularly those with the most terrible linguistic communication and behaviour upsets. It is unrealistic to anticipate that regular instruction instructors will hold the specific preparation required or the ability to supply the best possible instruction for this population of autism. In add-on, kids with particular demands are sometimes assigned one-to-one Plutos who have small preparation or experience in autism or other developmental disablements. Even with ( OT ) Occupational Therapist and ( PT ) Physical Therapist specializers being hired to develop the regular instructor and the instructor adjutant can non ever supply the intensive, focused, changeless direction these kids require throughout the full school twenty-four hours. Although schools territories are mandated to include all kids with disablement, it is non uncommon that some school territories re-create particular â€Å" units † in order to offer the kid with the appropriate instruction puting to cover with the kid ‘s behaviour jobs within the regular schoolroom. Age and grade-appropriate arrangement is the most controversial factor of inclusion because it is based on ideals, values, and ends that are non congruous with the worlds of today ‘s schoolrooms. Advocates of full inclusion presume that the general instruction instructor can suit all pupils with disablements, even those with terrible and multiple disablements. They assume that such pupils can obtain educational and societal benefits from that arrangement. Those who oppose full inclusion argue that, although methods of collaborative acquisition and group direction are the preferable methods, the traditional schoolroom size and resources are frequently unequal for the direction and adjustment of many pupils with disablements without bring forthing inauspicious effects on the schoolroom as a whole. Some particular instruction experts, nevertheless, believe that some pupils are improbable to have appropriate instruction without arrangement into alternate instructional groups or alternate acquisition environments, such as parttime or full-time particular categories or alternate twenty-four hours schools. What about pupils who are gifted and talented should these pupils is placed in a unintegrated environment? Should kids with specific sorts of disablements or giftedness be served in a resource room or other sort of schoolroom arrangement? Harmonizing to the definition from the website www.ed.gov. the Law of PL 101-476, the Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) , claim that particular instruction pupils have got to be educated in the least restrictive environment ( LRE ) , as determined by appraisals and the individualised instruction plan ( IEP ) . Representatives or advocators of full inclusion believe that all kids should be in regular schoolrooms. These support groups of people believe that all pupils benefit from being placed in the same schoolroom as non-disable equals ; will assist persons who oppose of interacting disable and non-disable equals togetherness will get the better of bias pigeonholing. In my sentiment, inclusion is non ever the best pick for every parti cular needs pupil. There are other options available such as specialised, separate twenty-four hours schools for kids with autism, mental deceleration and any other damage. Full inclusion should be done on instance by instance bases. What should parents make when sing different options for their kid? First, inclusion should be considered on a individual footing. Parents need to see the demands of their ain kid, the capacity of the school to run into these demands, and their ain penchants. For illustration, the parents of kids at May Institute ‘s twenty-four hours school in West Springfield are cognizant that their boy or girl has fewer chances to interact with typical kids. On the other manus, they know their kid is acquiring an educational plan that is more specialised and intensive than their kid could acquire in the public school. Parents should look into whether the plan they are sing be in the best involvement of their kid. Inclusion or a particular scene theoretical account – are in topographic point. Thus the undermentioned constituents are to be considered: What is the language-based course of study? Is the course of study consistent and will it addresses all the pupils ‘ demands at kid ‘s gait? What are the instructional techniques? Are they based upon research: including a strong focal point on positive support, determining behaviour, motivating acquisition, and going more independent? Is there an chances for the kid to react to instruction? How clip is allotted for the kid to prosecute in direction Is the instructor maintaining a day-to-day log of academic work and behavior jobs? How often do you reexamine the advancement and is at that place a timely alteration in processs if advancement is non happening. In order for full inclusion to be successful course of study alterations must go on and learning methods much alteration every bit good, for inclusion to be a successful plan. Others argue that pupils with disablements are non to the full incorporated into the regular schoolroom they are merely given â€Å" H2O down † assignments. That is non the procedure of inclusion, inclusion is to be used in concurrent with class plan, and in accent the course of study is to be used the same merely taught in a different mode or used diverse methods of learning them along with the class. Collaboration is an indispensable function in the daily modus operandi of the particular pedagogue. In order to supply a all-around instruction to pupils with disablements, the particular pedagogue must join forces with assorted persons both inside and outside the school environment. For illustration, the particular pedagogue must join forces with the pupil with disablements household and parents. Further, the particular pedagogue must join forces with such co-workers as physical instruction, music, art and other co-curricular activities. If inclusion is used in any mode, the particular instruction instructor must join forces with the regular schoolroom instructors in order to happen countries within the general course of study where the pupil with disablements can take part.More so with engineering these yearss teacher should utilize it to back up the pupil ‘s demands. Should 1st twelvemonth instructors be trained to learn particular instruction pupils? University are necessitating instructors to take particular instruction categories because universities know that particular instruction pupils good at sometimes in their instructions will be placed in a regular schoolroom scene. Since IDEA came into consequence universities and alternate plans are being told that instructors must be educated in particular instruction categories in order to be prepared for particular needs pupils be placed in the least restrictive environment as possible. Texas Education Agency has a demand that all instructors be provided with in-service and or staff development developing throughout their instruction experiences in the signifier them to be informed of all the Torahs that pertain to learning all pupils. The thought for this is to offer instructors the necessary tools to assist them increase their sense of ego efficaciousness. The staff development preparations shou ld include information about disablement and effectual instructional techniques for all pupils. Such preparations should assist instructors in their assurance and originative positive attitudes toward inclusion. What about engineering and inclusion? How does this technological are affect the particular instruction populations? Across the United State and in many other states, the per centum of particular needs pupils is increasing. As educational professionals instructors who are required by jurisprudence to do provide adjustments to all particular needs pupils in all degrees of schools runing from K-12 degree, these adjustments must take topographic point as portion of a pupil ‘s IEP ( Individual Education Plan ) . All pedagogues must be able to accommodate, do adjustments, or adjust the educational stuff to assist supply the least restrictive educational scenes for all pupils irrespective of being disable or non-disabled. Due to the growing of pupils being classified as particular needs pupils, assistive educational engineering in schools is besides turning in importance. Particular needs pupils are now going the bulk among the school territories populations. Since IDEA has been in t opographic point, the per centum of pupils with disablements served in the United States of America schools and territories has bit by bit increased to be taught with their non-disabled equals. A Decision In drumhead, I believe that in order for a instructor to be successful in the inclusion plan he/she must hold a diverse cognition on the type of pupils they are traveling to be offering their services to. In add-on, pedagogues, decision makers and parents need to hold an opened communicating system in order for them to show themselves verbally and nonverbally in a mode that is comprehensible to all degrees of interaction among the groups. Communication should besides include the usage of engineering. Technology should be used as support system for pupils with particular demands and non be position as individual entity. It is really imperative that an effectual instructor have a witty temperament, able to believe on his/her pess, be able to talk in a clear concise manner without roasting the pupils. As pedagogues we must hold regard for all pupils learner and be able to pass on efficaciously with staff, parents, defenders, grandparents or any other individual in charge of a kid. Human relationships is at that place in every cultural, irrespective of the persons background, it is in world in our best fortunes to accept diverseness and in the long tally accept that relationships can be productive and complicated. But every bit long as worlds are in existence interactions among human can and are really complex and will impact the result of one ‘s fate. Public schools are unable to supply the specialised instruction required for kids with disablement, particularly those with the most terrible linguistic communication and behaviour upsets. It is unjust to anticipate that regular instruction instructors will ever hold the specific preparation required for these particular demands pupils. In add-on, kids with particular demands are sometimes assigned one-to-one Plutos who have small preparation or experience in autism or other developmental disablements. Even with audience from specializers, a regular school puting can non ever supply the intensive, focused, chan geless direction these kids require throughout the full school twenty-four hours. Although schools may hold a authorization to include all kids, it is non uncommon that some finally re-create particular schoolrooms because the kids did non have the appropriate instruction or their behavior jobs could non be addressed within the regular schoolroom. I can non remember who really said this but â€Å" Inclusion is a right, non a particular privilege for a choice few. † It is like the same expression that â€Å" Education is a right and a privilege for all to be educated † . How to cite Attitudes toward Inclusion, Instructional Accommodations and Fairness, Essay examples

Bloody Chamber Essay Example For Students

Bloody Chamber Essay Not only does Angela Carter subvert the ending and many of the gender roles in The Bloody chamber, but she also experiments boldly with the traditional fairytale narrative style by employing many startling writing techniques. The story is written in first person and is in interior monologue concentrating on personal detail. Use of flashbacks like And I remember I tenderly imagined how, at this very moment my mother would be moving slowly, give the story a base to build the rest of the story upon. There is a hidden sign of horror behind choke of rubies as the story is set in France around the time of the French revolution when many people were beheaded which relates to choking. Also this shows the dread of blue beards character. Dramatic action is showed when The whizz of that heavy sword. Whizz is an anglo-saxon word and creates a more visual look at the sword by describing its action. It is narrated in a short sentence followed by a long sentence of more in depth action. When blue beard says all the better to see you with the writer is using intertextuality from the fairy tale little red riding hood and comparing him to a wolf. The dialogue later establishes a patronising tone when she suspects something suspicious about his nature and his mysterious ways. Blood, Violence, Death, Virginity are all topics in the story and also are related to the colour red which itself relates to danger and are blue beards favourite past times. There is a pattern of adverbs gladly, scandalously, defiantly which is a trimodel function. The tense changes I remember this shows she is looking back on her life as thats all she can really do while she waits her new found fiancee. Pronouns at the beginning of paragraphs are signalling she is looking back and remembering There are quite a lot of simple sentences in one part of the story and they are placed there to just push the story along. let it ring is a minor sentence that increases action and pace for the story to develop. Also exclamations add to suspense and tension. When she is alone and finds there is no one to talk to she says nevertheless which through the following long sentence reveals she has other shenanigans to attend to. There is a pattern of three I lay in bed. I longed for him. He disgusted me, which shows her confusion over blue beard and how he effects her psycologically. Instead of her being innocent she seems to enjoy the pain and sex morein of the courtship of Mr Lyon. The pace is quickened when she is left alone and sets out to find Mr Lyons dark secrets. But a gap appears in the story because the pace has reached its height and must be slowed for the happy ending to start and end  the story. Angela Carter takes your average typical fairytale and turns it upside down. By adding horror and tension in a twisted manner. The story is altered from its original fairy tale to fit her feministic writing and scary tone. Her stories are very experimental and cleverly written to suit a more adult audience and to perhaps stand out in amongst all the other fairytale writers. I think she does successgully create an outrageous yet clever story with imagery and techniques of tense changing and tension building sentences.

The Tyger Flashcard

The Tyger

Free Essays on The Stone Angel

The Stone Angel As I began reading The Stone Angel I didn’t think I would be able to enjoy the novel just because it is not really the type of book I would read. But I have found something fascinating about the life of Hagar Shipley, about a ninety year old woman who is looking back over her life near the end of it. Hagar seems very set in her ways and is not about to change her mind when her son Marvin and his wife Doris attempt to put her in a nursing home, she refuses to go and runs away. She is angered that they want her to leave her house and her things just so they can sell them, or so she believes. Doris and Marvin tell her about things she does that she just cannot remember doing so she thinks that they think she is senile, which is funny because she cannot remember the little things but she can relive her past through her memory and tell how her life was. The book takes you from present to past in a second and is well written to do so, it does not confuse you or really leave you lost in the middle of something because it picks right up in the present where you left off. You start to wonder if all older women think like Hagar and worry about the same things and have the same attitudes. Although Hagar does not seem like a very pleasant woman to live although as the reader you can see where she is coming from whereas the people who actually live with her probably cannot see her point of view. A lot of things like the choices Hagar made while she was young do not really make sense but you know she did them for her own reasons, like marrying Bram Shipley, for the life of me I cannot understand how she could marry that man but she did and it cost her the price of her Father. Since Hagar married Bram she never spoke to her Father and he never saw her again or his two grandsons, which was a shame. Hagar always thought her Father would have adored John, her second born. This book will take you on a journey through the life... Free Essays on The Stone Angel Free Essays on The Stone Angel The Stone Angel As I began reading The Stone Angel I didn’t think I would be able to enjoy the novel just because it is not really the type of book I would read. But I have found something fascinating about the life of Hagar Shipley, about a ninety year old woman who is looking back over her life near the end of it. Hagar seems very set in her ways and is not about to change her mind when her son Marvin and his wife Doris attempt to put her in a nursing home, she refuses to go and runs away. She is angered that they want her to leave her house and her things just so they can sell them, or so she believes. Doris and Marvin tell her about things she does that she just cannot remember doing so she thinks that they think she is senile, which is funny because she cannot remember the little things but she can relive her past through her memory and tell how her life was. The book takes you from present to past in a second and is well written to do so, it does not confuse you or really leave you lost in the middle of something because it picks right up in the present where you left off. You start to wonder if all older women think like Hagar and worry about the same things and have the same attitudes. Although Hagar does not seem like a very pleasant woman to live although as the reader you can see where she is coming from whereas the people who actually live with her probably cannot see her point of view. A lot of things like the choices Hagar made while she was young do not really make sense but you know she did them for her own reasons, like marrying Bram Shipley, for the life of me I cannot understand how she could marry that man but she did and it cost her the price of her Father. Since Hagar married Bram she never spoke to her Father and he never saw her again or his two grandsons, which was a shame. Hagar always thought her Father would have adored John, her second born. This book will take you on a journey through the life...

Presentation on Cost Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Presentation on Cost - Coursework Example Cost accounting information are mainly meant to permit the determination of unit costs and total product costs. Different organizations require different types of cost information. For instance, service organizations need cost information pertaining to the costs incurred for producing and providing services whereas manufacturing firms like Apple Inc, Coca Cola etc need information about costs incurred for manufacturing the products. Similarly, retail organizations need information about costs incurred for purchasing products for resale (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2008, p. 808). These types of cost information are generally required by almost all the firms since they have multiple functions such as manufacturing, purchases and providing of services. Cost information is highly important for various managerial purposes such as ascertaining the actual costs, controlling the costs, determining the selling price, ascertaining the profitability and controlling on wastage. Similarly, cost information helps management provide a base for setting business policies, facilitate efficient information system and arrange internal auditing system. Cost information support various purposes such as planning, decision making, performing, evaluating and communicating (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2008, p. 806). Financial management in both the manufacturing and service organizations use cost information to develop budgets, estimate income, manage total workforce and plan for the future. Cost information about product, process, function and financial transactions can help the management take managerial decision and plan for further activities and business functions. Managers in manufacturing companies use estimates of product costs in order to prepare budgets for labor, material, production and overhead costs. Another major purpose for cost information is performing by which managers find estimated cost of services with a view to mentor profitability and make decisions about vario us matters such as future business bidding, reducing negotiating expenses etc. With cost information, managers are able to predict gross margin, operating income and value of goods sold etc. This information are also useful for reducing selling prices and lowering selling prices for bulk purchases (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2008, p. 806). Cost information supports managerial decision making, planning and performance. Planning for the future is primarily based on how costs are incurred now and how they will be in future. Planning is highly important for pricing and many other managerial decision making. Similarly, management can perform estimation, assessing, evaluation, cost control etc only if they gain sufficient information pertaining to costs of products, labor, materials, processing and so on. Cost Object A cost object is a business activity for which a separate cost measurement is desired (Drury, 2007, p. 28). More specifically, when management in an organization needs to k now the costs incurred for a specific activity, this activity is referred as cost object. The management may need to know the costs details of different activities such as purchasing, operating a machine, manufacturing a product, rendering service to

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TRENDS IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY - Essay Example the new appearing forms of families resulting from both demographic and structural changes occurring in the world, it is still very important to categorize it for analytical purposes. According to Rappaport and Rapaport (1982), there are five types of family diversity which are very important in understanding how family diversity takes shape in real life: It results from the different access to economic and material resources that the families may posses. Social class diversity gives rise to rich and poor families in the society and is very vital in the modern world. This is because it considerable implications on the well being of the members of the family. For example, the ability of a child to access educational opportunities is greatly determined or influenced by the social class and economic well being of the family. Children from poor or underprivileged families may not have good life as compared to those from well-t-do families. It refers to the different types of family organization which develop different realities for its members. Compare for instance single parent families (where children live with only one parent) with reconstituted families (which are as a result of divorce and remarriage) with dual career families (where both parents work outside the home). Merely all families go through various stages of development and families which are in their early stages of development are quite different from those in their late stages of development. The stages of families in the life cycle lead to different experiences of family life for each individual member of the family. It results from the difference in cultural preferences and arrangements that exist around the world. In the UK the nuclear families are the typical family arrangements with children and their parents staying or living differently and independently with considerable autonomy from their kin. In china, the family arrangement is the stem family where two or more generations live

5 paraphrase six Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5 paraphrase six - Assignment Example Nadine’s story depicts the way the whites oppressed the other races hence gaining control of the country despite being the minority group. The apartheid system ensured that the blacks remained powerless. By denying them access to wealth, the whites maintained their authority over other races. For instance, blacks were not allowed to own large farms hence making their livelihood hard and slavery in nature. Moreover, the blacks happen to be divided and separated from their family members. Petrus works in Lerice’s farm while the rest of his family members are at Rhodesia. To make matters wise, it is considered a crime for his blood brother to come visiting him without a written permit (1322). He is referred as an alien and the police are even curious that Lerice might be hosting other non-registered blacks. Note that the authority understands that, unity could help blacks visualize white’s inhumane treatment and possibly react. African community is totally split, they are managed by different white masters and even forced to leave their African names that would identify them with clans but instead assigned E nglish names. In contrary, the whites were superior, could easily acquire land and wealth as well as decide their livelihood. Charter, easily acquires a farm and workers and is free to move from town to his farm. The author uses this difference in freedom of movement, to show that Africans were not poor by choice or laziness but the government system oppressed them to. Oppression is inhuman but the apartheid system portrayed the whites as superior. Gordimer uses Lerice to address the callous nature of treating blacks as inferior. Lerice and her husband have personal problems which make them move out of town. In contrary, Blacks can’t move freely, and the law condemns movement without permits. Upon settling in their newly bought farm, Lerice maintains her humanness and treats her employees as equal to her, she even looks after

Late Development And The Challenges Facing Late Developers Economics Essay

Late Development And The Challenges Facing Late Developers Economics Essay On the world stage, the list of the wealthiest countries has been dominated by European nations for the past six hundred years. Mid-last century a shift occurred that has seen the emergence of Asian countries growing at rapid rates. The surge was led by Japan and was quickly followed by those now known as the Asian Tigers. What problems did these countries overcome to grow so quickly while at the same time so many other nations are trapped in the quagmire of poverty and debt? Additionally, what challenges do the countries attempting development later than others face if they wish to emulate the Asian Tigers? This essay will briefly explain the problem of late development before outlining the challenges faced by late developers. Broadly speaking development implies wish to shift from an undesired state to a more desirable state; in this case a movement away from the situation of inequality and poverty to that of more equality and less poverty. Inequality in terms of social, cultural, economic and political needs is widespread in the world, not just between nations but within populations of nations. Such inequality leads to the poverty experienced by the populations of the undeveloped and developing nations of the word, causing millions of needless deaths every year around the world. Before any explanation or hypothesis regarding development of nations can be carried out, the term poverty requires discussion. An orthodox view of poverty is not having sufficient money to buy food and other basic material needs  [1]  . An alternate view of poverty is where people are not able to meet their own material and non-material needs through their own effort. The subtle difference between the two definitions will be expanded later in this essay. Additional to discussing poverty, the term development needs discussion. To determine the status of a nation as developed, developing or underdeveloped requires the use of a metric, criterion or standard of some kind. Which form of measure is hotly debated and is a very contentious issue. Different measures that can be used are national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, level of economic industrialization or the Human Development Index (HDI) to name a few and the selection of which one determines the rankings of nations. During the Cold War, the terms First, Second and Third World were used to describe the USA, Soviet and non-aligned blocks of countries. The term Third World became synonymous with underdeveloped and developing countries and to this day is misused to describe these countries. THE PROBLEMS OF LATE DEVELOPMENT The same problems face developing countries, regardless of the metric used to measure a nations development ranking. The prime problem facing developing nation is their late start compared to the more advanced industrialised countries that are generally accepted as being developed. Late development precludes nations from using the first mover advantages of economies of scale, positive network effects and the ease of sourcing investment funds  [2]  . Nations that get a head start in an industry have the ability to compete evenly against other nations starting at the same time in that industry. As capacity builds, the high costs of initial production, research and development, and low levels of output alter because of innovation and improvement leading to more effective and cheaper production methods, enhanced products, and higher levels of output. All these factors enable the distribution of fixed costs, such as production and transport costs, across the greater output, thus lowering the final cost of an item. These economies of scale enable the first mover to produce a product at a lower cost than a late developer, which in turn, allows the first mover to either undercut late starters or make more profit when selling at the same price  [3]  . Late developers hence need to find ways around the economies of scale factor such as using cheaper local labour for production, leveraging off any local raw materials or new areas to in novate. A good example of the economies of scale at work is the early motor vehicle industry. The Ford Motor Company is generally credited with the first use of a production line type manufacturing method in the automotive industry that enabled Ford to mass produce cars at prices much cheaper than the completion. Follower companies adopted the same technology, but not after Ford had gained a significant market share in North America and enabled the company to create a world-wide manufacturing base that was not seriously challenged for over half a century  [4]  . Starting an industry or sector of technology first attracts people and firms into the area where that technology is found, thus creating a centre of excellence in terms of equipment and personnel. The network effect  [5]   of a centre of excellence also adds to the economics of scale effects, as raw material supplies are only shipped into one area and conversely distribution centres can also be centralised. Additionally, distributed manufacturing within such a network is sped up and costs reduced due to close proximity, thus reducing costs and time effects. Late starters wishing to build their own competing centres of excellence face the obstacle of attracting expertise away from established areas. The inability to match wage rates and favourable conditions of established centres of excellence need to be countered at the new location, often by government subsidies, low tax rates and favourable trade conditions. Well known examples of successful secondary centres of excellence are the Japanese automotive industry following America and the New Zealand and Australian movie production centres following in the footsteps of Hollywood and Bollywood. The effects of globalisation and easy flow of information and technology are continuing to reduce the need to physically concentrate people and industry; hence the network effects are being reduced for the first mover. Sourcing investment funds for any new industry is a challenge, yet sourcing funds to compete against a developed nations established industry is even more difficult. The first mover nations have the advantage of having the first opportunity to attract investment capital, whether internal to the nation or externally via foreign investment. Regardless of the source of investment funds, late developers seeking funding must compete against established industries with proven return rates and known levels of risk, therefore pay higher interest rates. These higher interest rates further erode the profit margin of the late developer and make their products less attractive on price and company success rates lower. THE CHALLENGES FACING LATE DEVELOPERS In light of the problems face by late developers, why is striving for development so important? United Nations former Secretary General Kofi Annan described a developed country as one that allows all its citizens to enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment implying that developing and undeveloped countries citizens do not enjoy a free and healthy life in a safe environment. The orthodox, or liberalist, view of development describes its purpose as the requirement to move from a subsistence economy to an industrialised and modern economy  [6]  . Compare such a view with the alternate or more socialist view, where the purpose of development is to create human well-being through sustainable societies in social, cultural, economic and political means. These two viewpoints differ significantly but suffer from overlapping sets of challenges that need addressing to successfully develop a nation. The orthodox view of development identifies a strong trend between development and industrialisation. This view sees industrialisation as a better path for growth of a nation than agriculture or resource extraction as there is a greater potential for capital accumulation. This growth is due to the higher productivity achieved with successful industrialisation, which in turn leads to better wage growth, better skill and expertise growth, and the unlimited potential of the free-market. Such an approach generally requires a top-down governmental control process, using external capital investment to attract technology and stimulate private sector growth. Using industrialisation as the pathway to growth and development has the disadvantages of exposing a nation to both the good and bad aspects of globalisation. Fast and freer information flows, financial deregulation, access to technology and exposure to the global villages cultural influence can have positive and negative effects on both markets and populations. The effects of global financial institutions such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and open finance markets can lead to a nations own monetary policy having little control on capital availability and exchange rate control; a critical factor in ensuring a stable economy  [7]  . Ostensibly, small and vulnerable nations can be either manipulated easily or must flow global trends with few ability to cause self-determination in the globalised finance market. The alternate view of development takes a different approach to development. In this view the final target of development is not necessarily parity with developed nations using convention metrics, such as GDP per capita, but a more holistic vision of a journey towards self-sufficiency, self-reliance and unity rather than outright fiscal wealth. In this respect, development is more a process rather than a target. The fundamental difference to the orthodox view is that the alternate view is a bottom up process and involves the respect of nature and culture, political inclusion of marginalised groups and local control of resources and investments. Comparing the two very different approaches identifies that there are challenges to both, including some common challenges. The orthodox view has the advantage of potentially providing greater growth rates and hence reducing inequality between nations, but often at the cost of higher internal inequality as the gap between the richest and poorest within a nation widens. This effect is sometimes called the unavoidable consequence of economic growth  [8]  . Opponents to the orthodox view also content that sustained development is only viable through further growth within a global free-market, which benefits the suppliers of the initial capital more than the nation seeking development  [9]  . Conversely, the alternate view of development suffers the potential problem of creating slower growth rates than embracing outright industrialism and its side effects. This approach also requires assistance from external to the country, but more often in the form of education and material re sources, rather than direct capital injection. The Chipko movement in India and the rubber tapper movement in the Amazon are examples of successful grass roots versions of the alternate development methods  [10]  . Both are relatively small scale and limited to regions and ethnicities rather than whole nations. Both approaches suffer from the challenges of overcoming education, literacy, environmental and health issues which all slow rates of growth. Additionally, corruption is seen as a huge obstacle to developing nations, specifically in autocratic and flawed democracies. Later in the development cycle nations that grow strongly need to be able to keep their exchange rate competitive by neutralize the tendency of the exchange rate to head toward overvaluation  [11]  . This problem is related to the Dutch disease  [12]  , the policy of growth with foreign savings, and to exchange rate populism. CONCLUSION In summary, it can be seen that development of countries is import to reduce the gap between the most advanced nations in the world and the least. Development leads to a reduction in suffering by people who cannot meet their own needs through their own means, while at the same time enabling societies to become sustainable in economic, political and cultural terms. The process of development is slow and the challenges are many. Overcoming the problems of being a late developer is complex and difficult, but demonstrably possible as the Asian Tiger nations and other Newly Industrialised Countries have proven. Striving to industrialise by increasing exports has been a successful development strategy for the Asian Tiger countries, but not all nations have been successful using this technique. Local political, geographical and geological environments can both help and hinder development, as can the effects of globalisation by open both market and financial flows. While the history of development success shows that the crux of change is primarily national and local, such change now takes place in an increasingly globalised world of ever tighter political, economic, and cultural ties. The problems faced by developing nations are many and no universal answer or solution exists. Each nation that wishes to develop needs to create a development plan unique to their nation, based on their specific politics, cultures, resources, skills and geography. Only then can real and sustains development occur. Word Count = 2050

Government Corruption Essay -- Corruption in Government

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the last few years, the issue of corruption--the abuse of public office for private gain--has attracted renewed interest, both among academics and policymakers. There are a number of reasons why this topic has come under recent inspection. Corruption scandals have toppled governments in both major industrial countries and developing countries. In the transition countries, the shift from command economies to free market economies has created massive opportunities for the appropriation of rents, excessive profits, and has often been accompanied by a change from a well-organized system of corruption to a more chaotic and deleterious one. With the end of the cold war, donor countries have placed less emphasis on political considerations in allocating foreign aid among developing countries and have paid more attention to cases in which aid funds have been misused and have not reached the poor. And slow economic growth has persisted in many countries with malfuncti oning institutions. This renewed interest has led to a new flurry of empirical research on the causes and consequences of corruption. Economists know quite a bit about the causes and consequences of corruption. An important body of knowledge was acquired through theoretical research done in the 1970s by Jagdish Bhagwati, Anne Krueger, and Susan Rose-Ackerman, among others. A key principle is that corruption can occur where rents exist--typically, as a result of government regulation--and public officials have discretion in allocating them. The classic example of a government restriction resulting in rents and rent-seeking behavior is that of an import quota and the associated licenses that civil servants give to those entrepreneurs willing to pay bribes. More recently, researchers have begun to test some of these long-established theoretical hypotheses using new cross-country data. Indices produced by private rating agencies grade countries on their levels of corruption, typically using the replies to standardized questionnaires by consultants living in those countries. The replies are subjective, but the correlation between indices produced by different rating agencies is very high, suggesting that most observers more or less agree on how corrupt countries seem to be. The high prices paid to the rating agencies by their customers (usually multinational companies a... ...e role of other forms of institutional inefficiency. Corruption is most prevalent where there are other forms of institutional inefficiency, such as political instability, bureaucratic red tape, and weak legislative and judicial systems. This raises the question of whether it can be established that corruption, rather than other factors correlated with it, is the cause of low economic growth. Regression analysis provides some evidence that if one controls for other forms of institutional inefficiency, such as political instability, corruption can still be shown to reduce growth. Nevertheless, it is hard to show conclusively that the cause of the problem is corruption alone, rather than the institutional weaknesses that are closely associated with it. The truth is that probably all of these weaknesses are intrinsically linked, in the sense that they feed upon each other (for example, red tape makes corruption possible, and corrupt bureaucrats may increase the extent of red tape so they can extract additional bribes) and that getting rid of corruption helps a country overcome other institutional weaknesses, just as reducing other institutional weaknesses helps it curb corruption.

History of Alcohol

Alcohol: Past, Present, and Future Karl Ballenger Mrs. Hines Communication Arts 200 period 7 February 20, 2007 The beginning of Alcohol While no one knows when alcohol was first used as a beverage (or even created) we do know that it has been used for over ten thousand years. Archeologists to this day are discovering old beer mug containers from the B. C period. Some other archeologist and a few scientists believe it was created in an experimental accident. Like most failed experiments alcohol was soon to be one of the most popular drinks in America.Not only was it going to impact America it impacted the whole world. Everyone would you alcohol in many different ways medicinal purposes, in South America and in the Middle East. They would use it for celebrations any type of celebration and it would be used in sacrifices or offering rituals too. As alcohol caught on people realized what a problem it could be. Everyday people would use alcohol as an everyday beverage not knowing what the affect could be or do; it wasn’t long until everyone was catching on to the harmful effects of the alcohol.Soon after Americans and people all over the world soon were able to control alcohol not before alcohol had gone through prohibition and much other banishment in countries and cultures. Alcohol is considered a drug though some people may not agree we all that once you had too much alcohol you’re not yourself. Although Americans were no always getting to the point where they were unconscious and becoming â€Å"drunk†, there was a lot tolerance for the type of people who would drink alcohol everyday they just knew how to control their selves.Alcohol in Early America Alcohol in early America was highly accepted, everyone would have their fair share of drinks. Alcohol can be easily found in the old days because it was so easy to make, before bars there were pubs and before that people would just drink in their own homes instead of going out to drink. It was so easy to make because alcohol back then would mostly be wine, wine was the typical form of alcohol to be found because it is made up fruits, any kind of fruits but if you wanted stronger tastier wine you would specific types of fruits.The most commonly type of fruit that people would use are grapes, after you pick them you would press them then add in some sugar and water basically and then some yeast. Then allow for fermentation to proceed. As time goes by you would have yourself some tasty drinkable wine. And from their you would end up having your many liquors and eventually beer. It wasn’t long until alcohol played a big role in American history which begun in the 1920s, which was when alcohol became prohibited for a time.Americans have always drunk alcohol especially beer liquor in the 1900s, they would drink daily â€Å"since the availability and purity of water supplies and other drinkable liquids were uncertain† (Clayton Rivers 94). Drinking was used as a socia l activity everyone would feel a little more comfortable than usually with a little wine or beer in their system; it would be breaking the social barrier at gathering for the shy people so that they can interact more.At the same time there has always been a passionate opposition towards alcohol many people would think it is evil and created by the â€Å"devil† because of the nasty effects and the illness’s that it caused. It would even ruin people financially in some cases because of the addiction people would have with it, â€Å"it was typical to see people in saloons night and day†(Karen F Balken04) for weeks just drinking or trying to get the bartender to give them a free drink.So there would be a huge conflict between the alcoholic supporters â€Å"wets† and the non supporters â€Å"dry’s† (Adam Wong03) has existed throughout American history, since the 20th century. It wasn’t until 1919 when the â€Å"dry movement† (Adam W ong03) achieved its greatest victory by banding alcohol nationwide. In 1919 a majority of states ratified the eighteen amendment to the constitution, which states: â€Å"After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within the importation thereof into, or the exportation hereof from the U. S and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is here by prohibited† (Adam Wong03). This banishment, called Prohibition, went into effect in 1920: it was accompanied by the† Volstead Act† (Clayton rivers94), congressional legislation that provided specific rules for enforcing the ban. So for the next 13 years prohibition remained in place, President Calvin Coolidge called it â€Å"the greatest social experiment of modern times† (President Calvin Coolidge). Prohibition in the 1920sAlthough Prohibition continued until 1933 it remains most closely associated with the 1920. in the 1920s â€Å"it was a colorful period in history† (Adam Wong03) bracketed on both ends by tragedy and misfortune. At the start of the twenties, America was just recovering from the devastation and deprivation of World War 1. At the decade’s end the stock market crashed of 1929 which then fell into the great depression and years of hardship. Then in between the 1920s it was a time of unusual prosperity, the economy seemed to be on an endless climb.That no one can believe, it was a type of miracle people had enough money to buy amazing new devices like radios, refrigerators and washing machines. Even the poorest family of the towns and states were able to afford a car, it was also an era of significant social change and great fun, â€Å"it was so fun that it was nicknamed the roaring twenties† and the â€Å"Jazz Age† (Adam Wong03). Everyone was relived and could relax after all the harsh full events that America had went through that now they were ab le to kick back and relax.People would listen to the radio dance in the nightclubs and saw â€Å"talkies† (which are present day movies) everyone was just happy to have their freedom back. Although the 1920s was a fun-loving atmosphere the people would still have to sustain the ban of liquor. But finally the anti alcohol forces succeeded and they were able to get across the eighteenth amendment and the Volstead act. The advocates who wrote and backed these new laws assumed that a majority of Americans would go along with it. They thought that even though you didn’t like the new law you would have to follow it because it was law of the land.But nonetheless law abiding citizens were still able to secretly drink liquor and beer by home brewing it. These illegal drinking parlors were called â€Å"speakeasies† (Adam Wong03). Criminal gangs and known thieves would smuggle the liquor and beer and they made a fortune each one of these â€Å"speakeasies† had their own little illegal organization by selling the illegal liquor. The law enforcement like nowadays would be corrupted by these small organizations with either money or liquor as a bribe and so there wasn’t really a stop to these guys.Prohibition Gone the Right to Drink Prohibition affected millions of Americans but it even went into deeper meaning than just not being able to drink, it touched onto a fundamental issue in American life. The role of government in regulating private lives. â€Å"Many Americans felt that a degree of federal control is justified for the good of the majority† (Adam Wong03). However others argued that the rights of each individual American citizen and states should not be limited by the federal government.This particular group argued that the federal government had no right to mandate something as personal and as trivial compared with serious crimes as drinking habits. â€Å"it was incredible to many people that the federal government, which h ad thoughtfully left their murders, lynching’s, adulteries, discriminations, frauds, and other transgressions to the disciplines of their state legislatures, would ever take a primary and oppressive interest in what American citizens might want to drink† (Historian Norman H.Clark). The conflict over liquor was a long hard-fought battle. But in the end everyone had their right to drink. Alcohol in modern days and future Present day alcohol is still considered somewhat of a menace to society, because alcohol by itself does no harm or damage to anyone, it is our actions and alcohol combined that make it a threat to anyone. In today’s society there have been over millions of alcohol related accidents involving car accidents and suicides and homicides.Every time someone gets into a problem with the police they blame the alcohol they had that it was to strong or they didn’t know what it had in it either way they blame it on the alcohol. Although alcohol does hav e a affects on you and your body it disrupts your nervous system and disrupts your brain waves so that you don’t have full control of your body. But you should already know that, you learn about alcohol your whole life on television school your parents.Alcohol does not change people; the people change their selves by drinking the alcohol, alcohol is a gateway drug which means that it leads to more drugs and more suffering to you and to the people who care about you. Alcohol should be thought up of in moderation like everything, everything and anything is bad for you in moderation so you must be able to control yourself when comes to things like alcohol and drugs alcohol is not as nearly serious as drug but it can lead up to either doing drugs or addiction.Alcohol addiction or an alcoholic is a person who must have some type of alcohol in their system their body won’t function well without the alcohol so they must drink every day. But there is special rehabilitation cen ters to help those kind of people who want to change their life and stop drinking. These places change people’s lives into a good path redirect them to a healthier long lasting life. One of the most important things that alcohol affects could be ones family, alcohol affects about 95 percent families in the United States.And especially affects the kids alcoholics lead to divorces in their family and can ruin sometimes child’s lives and lead them down that same path. There has always so many domestic violence around in America because of alcoholics and what they do to their wives and their children. After they realize what they have done its almost always too late they lose their job their belongings and their families so they basically ruin their lives.Now in the future who knows how bad alcohol and peoples actions will be with all of these new types of drinks they are creating everyday people will just continue drinking without getting any help and lives will be ruined the percentage of alcohol related deaths will probably increase , there is no telling on how bad alcohol will go. Bibliography http://www. drugrehab. net/the-history-of-alcohol-in-america/ http://www2. potsdam. edu/hansondj/Controversies/1114796842. html Alcohol Abuse: Clayton Rivers Prohibition Banning Alcohol: Adam Wong

Kurt kobain

Kurt kobain Kurt CobainKurt Donald Cobain was born on February 20,1967 in the town of Aberdeen, Washington. Aberdeen is on the west coast and is about 108 miles southwest of Seattle. Aberdeen is a dreary place with about seven feet of rain a year. Kurt was born to Mrs. Wendy Cobain and to Mr. Donald Cobain. Wendy was a homemaker. She had a very tight bond with Kurt. He was her first born. She had another child three years after she had Kurt. Her name was Kim. Donald was a mechanic. He was very into sports. He often tried to push Kurt into sports but Kurt just didn't like them. Even though the Cobain's didn't have much they seemed to do all right. Wendy dressed her children in the best clothes she could afford. They always looked like the best dressed kids in Aberdeen.Kurt was an extremely happy child. He would wake up everyday so happy.WendyHe was always filled with joy and always had a smile on his face. Kurt once said his upbringing could be decribed as 'white trash posing as middle class'. Hi s mother told him to stay away from the poor kids. She said they were dirty. So Kurt did and he also would beat the up. Then in 4th grade he realized he liked them better. Around that time people started to notice that Kurt was very good in art. Most of Kurt's friends didn't really like things like art and music. He loved these things so much he stopped making friends because he was different.Kurt was not such a health kid. His whole life he suffered chronic bronchitis. At age of seven he was diagnosed hyperactive. He was put on Ritalin. This seemed to make him stay up until four in the morning.

Ebola Outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire

Ebola Outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire On July 27, 1976, the very first person to contract the Ebola virus began to show symptoms. Ten days later he was dead. Over the course of the next few months, the first Ebola outbreaks in history occurred in Sudan and Zaire*, with a total of 602 reported cases and 431 deaths. The Ebola Outbreak in Sudan The first victim to contract Ebola was a cotton factory worker from Nzara, Sudan. Soon after this first man came down with symptoms, so did his co-worker. Then the co-workers wife became sick. The outbreak quickly spread to the Sudanese town of Maridi, where there was a hospital. Since no one in the medical field had ever seen this illness before, it took them awhile to realize that it was passed by close contact.  By the time the outbreak had subsided in the Sudan, 284 people had become ill, 151 of whom had died. This new illness was a killer, causing fatality in 53% of its victims. This strain of the virus is now called Ebola-Sudan. Ebola Outbreak in Zaire On September 1, 1976, another, even more deadly, outbreak of Ebola struck - this time in Zaire. The first victim of this outbreak was a 44-year-old teacher who had just returned from a tour of northern Zaire. After suffering from symptoms that seemed like malaria, this first victim went to the Yambuku Mission Hospital and received a shot of an anti-malarial drug. Unfortunately, at that time the hospital did not use disposable needles nor did they properly sterilize the ones they used. Thus, the Ebola virus spread through used needles to many of the hospitals patients. For four weeks, the outbreak continued to expand. However, the outbreak finally ended after the Yambuku Mission Hospital was closed down (11 of the 17 hospital staff having died) and the remaining Ebola victims were isolated. In Zaire, the Ebola virus had been contracted by 318 people, 280 of whom died. This strain of the Ebola virus, now called Ebola-Zaire, killed 88% of its victims. The Ebola-Zaire strain remains the most deadly of the Ebola viruses. Symptoms of Ebola The Ebola virus is deadly, but since the initial symptoms can seem similar to many other medical issues, many infected people may remain ignorant of the seriousness of their condition for several days. For those infected by Ebola, most victims begin to show symptoms between two and 21 days after first contracting Ebola. At first, the victim may only experience influenza-like symptoms: fever, headache, weakness, muscle pain, and a sore throat. However, additional symptoms begin to manifest quickly. Victims often suffer from diarrhea, vomiting, and a rash. Then the victim often starts bleeding, both internally and externally. Despite extensive research, no one is yet sure where the Ebola virus occurs naturally nor why it flares up when it does. What we do know is that the Ebola virus is passed from host to host, usually by contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids. Scientists have designated the Ebola virus, which is also called Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), as a member of the Filoviridae family. There are currently five known strains of the Ebola virus: Zaire, Sudan, Cà ´te d’Ivoire, Bundibugyo and Reston. So far, the Zaire strain remains the most deadly (80% death rate) and the Reston the least (0% death rate). However, the Ebola-Zaire and Ebola-Sudan strains have caused all the major known outbreaks. Additional Ebola Outbreaks The 1976 Ebola outbreaks in Sudan and Zaire were just the first and most definitely not the last. Although there have been many isolated cases or even small outbreaks since 1976, the largest outbreaks have been in Zaire in 1995 (315 cases), Uganda in 2000-2001 (425 cases), and in the Republic of the Congo in 2007 (264 cases). * The country of Zaire changed its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 1997.

Assistive Technology Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assistive Technology Devices - Essay Example The device used however will depend on the level of disability where some of individuals may be partially impaired and therefore require less technological advanced devices. This paper also discusses the various advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of these devices, it highlights the benefits the disabled may derive from the use of these devices and also discuss some of the possible problems that may result from the use of these devices. There are various types of assistive technology devices whose function depend on the kind of disability of an individual, the following is a definition of the various types of devices that aid individuals who are blind, deaf, have communication problem and those who suffer from other types of disabilities. Various assistive technology are available for the blind, some of these devices include eye glasses, books recorded on tape, Braille stylus, talking or large key calculators, Braille printer and speech feedback computers. All these devices are aimed at enhancing task performance among the blind or visually impaired individuals.1 Individuals with communication problems include individuals with language problems and devices that are used include the use of pictures and photographs, eye pointing systems, communication boards, voice output devices, touch screens, software dictionaries and translation devices. All these devices aid those individuals who have communication problems.2 Hearing disabilities: These devices are aimed at enhancing communication with those who have hearing problems, some of the hearing aids include amplified phone devices and headphones, telecaption decoders, vibrotactile devices, recorded books in CD and tapes, phonic ear and pictures and photographs.3 Other forms of disabilities: Other forms of disabilities include individual who have difficult in performing activities other than the individuals mentioned above, these devices in include tilt board, key guards, slant board, arm support, portable word processors, adapted keyboard and mouse, onscreen keyboards and modified computer software.4 Learning disabilities: Picture schedules, talking word processors that are portable, electronic reminders and reminders, word predicting software, talking devices, graphic software and text reading software.5 The diagram below shows a Braille used by the blind, from the diagram it is evident that each letter has a particular set of points which are read using the hand. Each section of the coded letter is a cell that contains 6 points, using the six points it is possible to have 64 different combinations and each set of dots have a different meaning, example in the above diagram shows the alphabets in Braille form. The above diagram was retrieved from www.braillecards.co.uk. Advancemrnt in technology has made devices that are more easier to use, for example the Braille assistive machine which is shown below. The diagram below shows a Braille assistive machine for the blind, from the diagram it is evident that each letter has a particular set of points which are read using the hand. The diagram was retrieved from www.lssproducts.com ADVANTAGES OF ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY: This section discusses the various advantages associated with assistive technology, these devices have greater

Why change is needed in software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why change is needed in software - Essay Example There are several reasons for software change. New advances in innovation may render an existing piece of system obsolete thus change is inevitable. For instance, software needs to be capable to adapt to fresh hardware or peripherals (Schlesinger 2010). In case there is no communication between software and hardware change is always the advisable solution. It is no good purchasing a new scanner or printer if existing software cannot interface with it. Technology advancement makes each and every day novel systems come to pass (Reifer 2011). They are a lot of other software, which are not in the system currently and individuals would ask why such software is no longer applicable. This is due to inability to tally with the new situation and hence necessitates to be wiped away. It should always change, with illustration it will render non-functional and cannot serve any better reasons rather than the system (Neufelder 1992). Software maintenance is also another reason that is associated with system change. Changes to the software are executed in reaction to changed necessities but the basic structure of the software remains constant. This is the most general strategy applied in system change. System change is essential in maintenance of its function and reliability (Naveda and Seidman 2006). Architectural transformation is associated with technological advancements that drive change initiatives to ensure the functionality of software is adjusted to meet real-time changes. This is a more radical strategy to system change then sustenance as it involves making important changes to the structural plan of the software system (Burge 2008). Most frequently, systems transform from a centralized, data-centric structural design to client-server design. In such scenario, change is necessary to meet the architectural transformations (Hallsteinsen and Paci 1997). Software change is also associated with software re-engineering. Software

PACKAGING FUNCTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PACKAGING FUNCTIONS - Essay Example Products are at high risk of these damages when they are transported from place to place and are subjected to climate or temperature change. Products such as fruits require a more rigid packaging such as a laminated container so its freshness is preserved. Second, a good packaging puts the product together and avoids it from spilling. This function of packaging is more directed to the protection of the item itself such as in preserving its shape & size. Also, packaging protects a product from being confused with another. This is very important and useful especially because it differentiates one brand from another, carries the description of what a product is and includes the nutritional facts. Though most people would not realize the importance of which, having a packaging with poor labeling can cause major repercussions especially for consumers with health concerns/issues (The Functions of Packaging,

Conflict Management Styles Essay Example for Free

Conflict Management Styles Essay Conflict usually occurs when individuals within a group or organization has differences in opinions. When individuals are in a disagreement about something like policies and procedures or even the overall direction of which an organization or company is heading it can become very frustrating. As we all know conflict the process of conflict usually begins when an individual or party has perceived the other part and it has showed a negative impact or will affect something that another party cares about. According to the readings in Chapter 15 the early approach of conflict saw that all conflict was labeled to be bad. Conflict then had a negative vibe and was used often to be linked with such terms as violence, destruction, or irrationality as reinforcement to its negative association. There are several types of conflict from the integrationist point of view that includes functional and dysfunctional conflict. Functional conflict usually arises during when the goals of a group are supported and the performance rises. On the other hand dysfunctional conflict is conflicts that hinder the performance of the group as a whole. The conflict process consists of five stages that include potential opposition, incompatibility, cognition and personalization, intentions, behaviors, and outcomes. In my workplace the most common form of conflict management is potential opposition and incompatibility. I have worked for Viking Range Corporation for 10 years now and I enjoy my work there. My Supervisor is always open for communication but this is one of the most vital parts that bring about conflict in my organization. Most of the times communication plays a huge role in the effectiveness of the company. Communication is the biggest problem that we have as a whole throughout the facility because there always seem to be conflict that arises between departments on part outages, and department personnel. Conflict is something we can’t avoid whether at home or at the workplace. Conflict will be present in just about every human interaction that we come across and this can make the strategies that we use for conflict management very important. According to (Conflict Management Home-versus-work) â€Å"Conflict management strategies vitally increase the performance and effectiveness of an individual and in turn the effectiveness of the organization as a whole. † I am an individual that can’t handle or try to avoid conflict. I have been a part of a lot of confrontations and I try to avoid them at all costs. â€Å"In the same article Rahim and Bonama’s (1979) categorization of the styles of settling interpersonal conflict is based on two facades, first when a person considers himself and his own concerns and the second when a person considers others and the concerns of others. Their styles for handling conflict include an integrating style in which a person considers his style and the styles of others. Secondly would be the avoiding style in which the individual has no concerns for their self as well as others. Thirdly would be obliging in which the individual posses a concern for others but not himself. The next one is the dominating style in which the individual has high concerns for himself for low concerns for others. Lastly we have the compromising style in which the individual possess some consideration for himself and some for others. I can relate more to the dominating style because in my organization every department is usually out for themselves meaning they like to maintain a high standard by any means. However, one thing that I have learned that is being a part of the business world there will always be some form of conflict and differences of opinions will arise so it is best to handle the situation immediately. By acknowledging that there is conflict present and communication has come to a standstill we can decrease the problems that unsolved conflict can bring about in any organization. One way that we deal with conflict in our organization is by acknowledging the goals of each department as well as the employees. The Supervisor over our department does not handle conflict well and he tries to avoid any altercations at all costs. With me being next in line he will usually push things of this nature off for me to handle. I often deal with the situations by bringing the employees into the office to see what the problem is in forms of communication and what caused the problem to begin with. I have tried to encourage my Supervisor to deal with situations in the future before they occur and he has taken steps on his own to deal with situations where he sense conflict. He can actually sense when there is a lack of communication and conflict is about to arise so he stops it before it starts by bringing both individuals into the office to try and get to the root of the problem before something major happens. This same occurrence can happen between male and female management personnel that can’t seem to see eye to eye and have issues that lead to conflict. According to (Conflict Management Modes and Leadership Styles) â€Å"most individual characteristics have an impact on the instruments analyzed, for example: younger managers are more task-oriented, while older managers are typically relationship- oriented and avoid conflicts, women are more collaborative and avoid conflicts less and men tend to use the accommodating mode more than women. â€Å"Rather surprisingly, according to our survey, women appear to be more competitive than men. The compromising style of conflict matches my personal preference tremendously, because I can relate to this style in my organization on a day to day basis. Being in my field of work there will always be a competition between the male and female employees as well as male and female management personnel. I look at this as something that will be unavoidable because there will always be a power struggle between the genders. So I try to look at things from a bigger perspective and consider both parties involved because there will always be differences in opinions.

Effects of Redbull on Performance of Male Athletes

Effects of Redbull on Performance of Male Athletes Executive Summary Consumption of supplements and energy drinks has become a norm among athletes now. However, there are different studies in support as well as against the energy drink consumption for athletes, on whether it has a positive effect on the performance or not. The aim of this research was to investigate the acute effects of an energy drink (Red Bull) on the performance difference levels in male athletes. Thirty male athletes were selected from different backgrounds to participate in this study.. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups; Group A (experimental) Group B (non-experimental). Measurements of their running times were taken and the average was calculated. In the second session, group A was given an intake of 250 ml of Red Bull energy drink, while all the members of group B were not given any energy drink. The experiment was carried out again. The differences between the teams as well as between the two sessions were taken into account. Introduction Although in recent years, athletes have improved their performance levels, they share  the same quest with their historical counterparts: success and victory at the Olympic  Games. So every time, very different methods were tried by athletes to achieve this aim. In this way, consumption of energy drinks by athletes has become increasingly popular. Athletes believe that energy drinks can be used to enhance their performance during  training and competition due to their potentially ergogenic ingredients such as carbohydrates, caffeine, sodium and taurine, among others. Background Energy drinks have become more and more popular since the late nineties. The manufactures claim that these drinks improve physical endurance, reaction speed and concentration. The main ingredients of energy drinks are caffeine, sugar, taurine and glucuronolactone. According to the manufacturers, the stimulating effects of these drinks are due to interaction between the various ingredients. Sport drink consumption is recommended for most sports and not all of the sport beverages are the same. They differ in type and concentration of carbohydrates, electrolytes, flavors and other constituents. Some simply replace carbohydrates and electrolytes; others provide added protein, specific amino acids, and even fat, while still others provide herbs, vitamins, and caffeine. Literature Review Energy or power drinks (e.g., Battery, B52, Dark Dog, Jess, Red Bat, Red Bull,  Rhinos) are beverages designed and consumed for purposes other than for improving  athletic performance: for instance, to reduce the depressant effects of alcohol on the central nervous system. On the other hand, sports and fluid-electrolyte replacement beverages (e.g., Gatorade, Powerade) are designed and consumed to enhance athletic performance or to reduce the deleterious effects of dehydration during athletic competitions (Carvajal- Sancho, Moncada- Jimà ©nez, 2005). It should be noted that, although energy drinks have been sold worldwide for more  than a decade, unfortunately only a few studies have apparently been published to test the  effectiveness of these beverages on the physical or cognitive performance in athletes (Alford, Cox, Wescott, 2001; Baum Weib, 2001; Carvajal- Sancho Moncada-Jimà ©nez, 2005). So far, no data is available in regard to the effectiveness these beverages on anaerobic power and the delay of blood lactate accumulation. Some scientific studies with similar topics will cited later on. Nevertheless, in most  cases, their topics were not directly related to anaerobic power or delaying blood lactate  accumulation. Alford et al. (2001) investigating the effects of an energy drink (Red Bull) on  psychomotor, anaerobic and aerobic performance (anaerobic performance was measured  by a 20s cycle ergometer test), reported that the Red Bull group improved aerobic and  anaerobic performance by 9% and 24%, respectively. Similarly, Carvajal- Sancho   Moncada- Jimà ©nez (2005) studied the acute effect of an energy drink on physical  performance (100 m sprint, hand dynamometer and standing long jump) and indicated no significant changes in physical and cognitive variables. In another research, the influence  of a multivitamin/mineral supplement on anaerobic exercise performance (a 30-second  cycle sprint test and one set of squat exercise) was studied by Fry et al. (2006) and a decreased rate of fatigue was noted for both exercise tests. In addition, Olson and Seifert (2004) carried out a study to determine if consumption of a carbohydrate-protein drink could improve skating performance. The results showed that, in the experimental group, speed performance improved by 8% and reaction time improved by 12%. Kipp et al.(2003) also investigated the influence of a carbohydrate/protein sports drink on soccer sprint performance (four speed trials with 5 min of rest in between). In the carb-protein group, speed was improved between the first and last sprints by 1.1 seconds, while the other group slowed down by 2.2 seconds. There are many types of energy drinks which can be purchased over the counter by  everyone and their producers have claimed a variety of benefits in their advertisements. In the case of an intensively working skeletal muscle, this means a delay in the fall in  intramuscular pH to the critical level at which glycolysis is inhibited (Oo ¨pik et al., 2003; MacDougall et al., 1991). On the other hand, with regard to controversial reports about the effects of alkalinizing agents in the case of acute administration (Stout Antonio, 2002; Aschenbach et al., 2000; Bishop et al., 2004; Marx et al., 2002; McNaughton et al., 1999; Ball and Maughan, 1997; Wilkes et al., 1983), it is unclear whether the consumption of energy drinks can have such effects. PROBLEM STATEMENT Does the intake of Red Bull (energy drink) effect athletic performance of male athletes or not? Energy drinks are believed and marketed in a way to show that they enhance mental and athletic performance. Therefore, the concern of our research has been to find out whether the ingredients of one of the most used energy drink (Red Bull) effect the metabolism of human body in such a way that there in an increase in the physical athletic performance or not. Theoretical Frame Work Dependant Variable: Athletic Performance Independent Variable Red Bull Intervening Variable Uneven tracks, diseases to the athletes. Uneven tracks can be a big factor which can be controlled by carefully selecting an even and smooth running track. While the intervening variable of diseases to the athletes can be taken care of in the athlete selection process. In the initial questionnaire results, the athletes with some serious health disorders can be filtered out. Hypothesis The researcher intends to test the following hypothesis using their research: Alternative Hypothesis (HA) There is a relation between the intake of Red Bull with the athletic performance of male athletes. Null Hypothesis (Ho) There is no relation between the intake of Red Bull with the athletic performance of male athletes. The Theoretical Framework Performance of Athletes/Players Intake of Red Bull Independent Variable Dependent Variable Uneven track Diseases Intervening Variables Methodology The name of the research methodology is non-manipulative as in our research we have control on our independent variables and it is a field experiment. Participants: In order to be eligible to participate in the study, subjects had to meet the following inclusion criteria which were obtained by means of a questionnaire: a) to train/play for at least four days per week (approximately 30 min in each session); b) not to be on medication or nutritional supplementation; and c) not to consume energy drinks regularly. Potential participants were excluded from the study if they: a) presented psychiatric or neurological diseases; b) were sensitive to any ingredient contained in the energy drink; c) were under any nutritional supplementation regimen that included either caffeine, sugar, taurine and glucuronolactone; e) had evident cardiac problems. Thirty regular male football players (age: 24.34 ±1.74years, height: 183.26 ±7.66 cm, weight: 81.37 ±6.85 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. The volunteers read and signed an informed consent form with a medical history questionnaire before beginning the study. Then, the nature of the study was explained to the subjects, and they were given an opportunity to ask questions about anything that was unclear. APPARATUS We used questionnaire as our research tool for the initial screening of athletes. While stethoscope and blood pressure sphingo-meter apparatus were used to measure the heartbeat and blood pressure respectively. A stop watch was used to note down the sprint timings. PROCEDURE Procedure: The aim of this research was to investigate the acute effects of an energy drink (Red Bull) on the performance difference levels in male athletes. Thirty regular male athletes (soccer players) (age: 25.34 ±1.74years, height: 182.26 ±7.66 cm, weight: 78.37 ±6.85 kg and BF%: 13.2 ±2.7%) were selected from different backgrounds to participate in this study. This research was conducted on two separate sessions with four days of rest in between. Two experimental conditions were tested: a) control (no drink); b) energy drink. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups; Group A (experimental) Group B (non-experimental). In the first session, both the groups were assigned to run on a 100m track without any liquid intake. Measurements of their running times were taken and the average was calculated. In the second session, group A was given an intake of 250 ml of Red Bull energy drink, while all the members of group B were not given any energy drink. The experiment was carried out again. The differences between the teams as well as between the two sessions were taken into account. One week before the data collection took place. The participants were instructed on how to perform the whole experiment and underwent a familiarization session. The subjects were instructed to avoid alcohol, nicotine and other stimulants and also avoid strenuous activities and sudden changes in food consumption (including any nutritional supplementation products) the day before the experiment. In addition, they were asked to maintain regular physical activities during the days prior to the experiment, as recommended by Carvajal-Sancho and Moncada-Jimà ©nez (2005). Moreover, they were asked to wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing and get an adequate amount of sleep (6 to 8 hours) the night before the test (Byars et al., 2006). The clothing, shoes, as well as all equipment used, were consistent for each subject and were recorded to establish controlled experimental conditions. APPARATUS VALIDITY Apparatuses used in our study were stethoscope, blood pressure apparatus (sphino-meter), stop-watch, pen and paper. The heartbeat rate (bpm) was measured with the help of stethoscope, blood pressure with the help of blood pressure apparatus and the running time were measured by the stop watch. The apparatus was duly checked by the hospital authorities and confirmed to be in valid functional conditions. RESULTS The results show that the group A, after the intake of Red Bull energy drink did show an almost negligible good performance, thus not supporting the hypothesis. The experiments, apart from giving out the main results also gave some very interesting facts. For example; Group A (experimental) showed increase in the time to exhaustion, which is ultimately related to the ingredients of Red Bull. Hence, we will select, HA(alternative): There is a relation between the intake of Red Bull with the athletic performance of male athletes. As it is clear to see the difference through the results. This proves that after the intake of Red Bull, the athletic performance increases. Discussion The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Red Bull energy drink on the performance of male athletes. Results of this study indicated that ingestion of Red Bull prior to exercise testing is effective on the athletes performance. In the present study it was observed that Red Bull energy drink caused an 11.78% decrease in the blood pressure and a 15.86% increase in the heartbeat rate (bpm). The 100m sprint performance time in the group A(experimental group) showed improvement, even after repetitive attempts. Potentially, caffeine could have a number of actions that affect skeletal and heart muscle. It can increase sympathetic activity, and has direct intracellular action. The increase in heartbeat rate (bpm) may be attributed to ingredients such as caffeine,taurine, glucuronolacton. Caffeine has been shown to have desirable effects for performing athletes fighting fatigue and increasing energy. The stimulant effect of caffeine could make it effective for increasing alertness while performing in a fatigued state. Taurine is also famous to aid in the contractile function of skeletal muscle and for providing increased ability of the muscle to contract, amplifying muscle force generation. In this study it was found that Red Bull energy drink caused up to 10.5% increase in time to exhaustion. However the previous researches and the current results, both support the fact that the ingestion of Red Bull energy drink does not have a significant enough impact on the performance of athletes, that it be strongly recommended to athletes for increased and better performance. No reports were identified of negative effects associated with the amount of taurine found in most energy drinks. Commonly reported adverse effects seen with caffeine in the quantities present in most energy drinks are insomnia, nervousness, headache, and tachycardia. Four documented case reports of caffeine-associated deaths were found, as well as four separate cases of seizures associated with the consumption of energy drinks. Acknowledgements First of all thanks to Allah Almighty who blessed me the strength and devotion to complete this research. I would thank my college fellow Adil Khan, who has helped me in the selection of the male athlete subjects. I would also like to thank Haider Behzad who helped me immensely with the research work. Moreover, I am also very thankful to all the people, who were part of the research and gave me their precious time. Without their help, it wouldnt have been possible to complete this research project. AND LAST BUT MOST IMPORTANTLY, I would like to thank my instructor, my mentor for the course, Mr. Humair Hashmi for pushing me forward, motivating me with his masterly tactics and enabling me to carry out the research in a professional manner. Appendix The sample of the questionnaire is below; INSTRUCTIONS KINDLY ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS MARK ONLY ONE OPTION IN THE SEGMENT OF ANSWERS NAME:______________ AGE:_____________ Q1> How many days do you exercise in a week? 4days 5days 6days Q2> Do you use any kind of drugs? Yes No Q3> Your preference towards exercise/workout? Gym Swimming Soccer Running Q4> Do you carry any breathing disease or any major disease? Yes No Q5> Do you use any kind of supplements? Yes No